Barcode Symbology Comparison: EAN, UPC, Code 128, and More

One-Dimensional (Linear) Barcodes

EAN-13 (International Article Number)

The global standard for retail products. Encodes 13 digits: country prefix (2-3 digits), manufacturer code, product code, and a check digit. Required for products sold in supermarkets, retail chains, and online marketplaces worldwide. EAN-8 is a compact variant for small packaging.

UPC-A (Universal Product Code)

The North American retail standard. Encodes 12 digits. Functionally equivalent to EAN-13 (a UPC-A is an EAN-13 with a leading zero). If you sell only in the US/Canada, UPC-A is sufficient. For international sales, register for an EAN.

Code 128

A high-density barcode supporting the full ASCII character set (letters, numbers, symbols). Used in shipping labels (GS1-128/EAN-128), inventory management, and any application requiring alphanumeric data. Three subsets (A, B, C) optimize for different character ranges.

Code 39

An older alphanumeric symbology still used in automotive (AIAG labels), defense (MIL-STD-1189), and some healthcare applications. Lower density than Code 128 but simpler to implement and self-checking (no check digit required).

Two-Dimensional Barcodes

QR Code

Encodes up to 4,296 alphanumeric characters in a square matrix. Readable from any angle with built-in error correction. Dominant in consumer-facing applications (marketing, payments, menus) because smartphone cameras scan them natively.

DataMatrix

Compact 2D barcode for small items. Encodes up to 2,335 alphanumeric characters. Preferred in healthcare (FDA UDI requirement), electronics (PCB marking), and aerospace. Can be printed as small as 2×2 mm.

Selection Guide